Cybersecurity vs. Software Engineering

Posted on by Excelsior Staff

Pursuing a career in technology often leads to considering paths like cybersecurity versus software engineering. Although both fields offer promising opportunities, they cater to different skill sets and professional interests. Understanding the distinctions and similarities between these domains is key for aspiring professionals to make informed decisions about their futures.

When considering cybersecurity versus software engineering, it should be understood that both careers demand specialized degrees, though the core curriculum and skill requirements can differ significantly. Further comparing these fields reveals distinct job roles and responsibilities, highlighting the unique contributions each profession makes to the tech landscape.

Is cybersecurity a good career? And what’s more, is it right for you, or would software engineering be a better fit? Below, you’ll learn about both tracks so that you can answer those questions for yourself.

What Is Cybersecurity?

Cybersecurity refers to the practice of protecting computer systems, networks, and data from unauthorized access, theft, damage, and disruption. It encompasses a range of technologies, processes, and practices designed to safeguard digital assets against cyberthreats (like hacking, malware, and phishing). Core areas within cybersecurity include network security, information security, and operational security. Professionals in this field work to identify vulnerabilities, implement security measures, and respond to incidents—ensuring the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information systems.

Future-proof your career with a Bachelor of Science in Cybersecurity from Excelsior University.

What Is Software Engineering?

Software engineering is the systematic application of engineering principles to the design, development, testing, and maintenance of software. This field focuses on creating efficient, reliable, and scalable software solutions to meet user needs and business requirements. It involves various stages, including requirements analysis, system design, coding, testing, and deployment. Software engineers use programming languages, development tools, and methodologies to build software applications, from web and mobile apps to enterprise systems and embedded software. The goal is to produce high-quality software that’s robust, maintainable, and adaptable to changing needs.

Educational Pathways in Cybersecurity vs. Software Engineering

It’s crucial to understand the educational requirements for cybersecurity and software engineering. Each field has specific degree pathways that prepare aspiring professionals for their respective roles.

Degree Requirements for Cybersecurity Careers

Cybersecurity careers typically require at least a bachelor’s degree in cybersecurity, information technology, or a related field. Coursework often includes subjects like network security, cryptography, risk management, and digital forensics. Advanced positions may require a master’s degree or certifications such as (CISSP) or Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH). Practical experience through internships and hands-on labs is highly valued as well.

Degree Requirements for Software Engineers

To become a software engineer, a bachelor’s degree in computer science, software engineering, or a related discipline is generally necessary. The curriculum typically covers programming languages, data structures, algorithms, software development methodologies, and computer systems. Many software engineers also pursue advanced degrees or specialized certifications to enhance their skills and career prospects. Real-world experience through coding projects, internships, and collaborative software development is essential for success in this field.

A Day in the Life: Cybersecurity Professionals vs. Software Engineers

The daily responsibilities of cybersecurity professionals and software engineers differ, reflecting the unique demands and objectives of each field. Whereas cybersecurity experts focus on protecting systems from threats, software engineers dedicate their efforts to creating and maintaining software solutions.

What Do Cybersecurity Professionals Do?

So, what do cybersecurity professionals do, exactly? These individuals are responsible for safeguarding an organization’s digital assets. Their daily tasks include monitoring network traffic for unusual activity, analyzing security breaches, and implementing protective measures such as firewalls and encryption. They conduct vulnerability assessments and penetration tests to identify and rectify security weaknesses. Incident response is a critical aspect of the job, requiring quick action to mitigate the impact of cyberattacks. In addition, cybersecurity experts often educate employees on best practices for maintaining security and compliance with regulations.

What Do Software Engineers Do?

Software engineers design, develop, test, and maintain software applications. Their day typically involves writing and reviewing code, debugging software, and collaborating with team members to implement new features or improve existing ones. They engage in the software development lifecycle, from gathering requirements and planning to deployment and maintenance. Software engineers use various programming languages and tools, work with databases, and ensure that their applications are scalable and efficient. They also stay updated with the latest industry trends and technologies to continuously improve their skills and deliver innovative solutions.

Skill Sets: What You Need to Succeed

Succeeding in cybersecurity and software engineering requires a distinct set of skills tailored to the specific demands of each field. Although both career tracks require technical proficiency and problem-solving abilities, the focus and application of these skills differ.

Skills to Succeed in Cybersecurity

Cybersecurity professionals need a robust set of technical and analytical skills. Key skills include:

  • Knowledge of security principles — understanding core security concepts like confidentiality, integrity, and availability
  • Risk management — identifying potential threats and vulnerabilities to develop effective mitigation strategies
  • Network security — proficiency in configuring and managing firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and other network security tools
  • Cryptography — using encryption techniques to protect sensitive information
  • Incident response — ability to quickly respond to and manage security breaches or attacks
  • Attention to detail — meticulousness in monitoring systems and identifying subtle indicators of compromise
  • Continuous learning — keeping up with evolving cyberthreats and emerging technologies through ongoing education and certifications

Skills for Software Engineers

Software engineers must master various technical and soft skills to excel. Key skills include:

  • Programming proficiency — strong command of multiple programming languages such as Python, Java, C++, and JavaScript
  • Algorithm and data structure knowledge — understanding efficient algorithms and data structures to optimize software performance
  • Software development methodologies — familiarity with Agile, Scrum, and other development frameworks
  • Problem-solving — ability to analyze complex problems and devise effective solutions
  • Collaboration — working effectively in teams, often with other engineers, designers, and stakeholders
  • Attention to detail — precision in writing and reviewing code to ensure functionality and prevent bugs
  • Adaptability — willingness to learn new languages and technologies as the field evolves

Job Outlook for Cybersecurity vs. Software Engineering

Currently, the job outlook for both cybersecurity professionals and software engineers is promising, driven by an increasing reliance on digital technologies and a growing need for secure, efficient systems.

Cybersecurity

According to the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), employment of information security analysts (a category that cybersecurity falls under) is expected to grow 33% from 2023 to 2033—boasting a high demand rate that’s much faster than the national average for all occupations. This rapid growth is catalyzed by the rising incidence of cyberattacks as well as the increasing importance of cybersecurity measures in protecting sensitive information.

As of 2023, median annual wage for information security analysts was $120,360, with higher earnings potential for those in top industries or holding advanced certifications.

Software Engineering

The BLS projects the employment of software developers, quality assurance analysts, and testers to grow 17% from 2023 to 2033, substantially faster than the average for all occupations. This growth is fueled by the continued expansion of software development across multiple sectors, including mobile applications, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence.

The median annual wage for software developers was $132,270 in 2023—with higher salaries in industries like software publishing and finance—reflecting the high demand for skilled professionals in this field

How to Choose the Right Path for You

Deciding between a career in cybersecurity or software engineering depends on your interests, skills, and career goals. Consider what aspects of technology excite you the most: Are you more interested in protecting systems and combating cyberthreats, or do you prefer creating and developing software solutions? Reflect on your strengths in areas such as problem-solving, programming, and analytical thinking. Additionally, think about the type of work environment and daily tasks you envision for yourself. Researching both fields, gaining relevant experience, and seeking advice from professionals can also help you reach an informed conclusion about which path better aligns with your aspirations.

Pursue Your Cybersecurity Education with Excelsior

Choosing between a career in cybersecurity and software engineering is a decision that hinges on your interests, skills, and professional goals. Each field offers rewarding opportunities and requires distinct educational pathways and skill sets; cybersecurity focuses on safeguarding digital assets, whereas software engineering emphasizes creating robust software solutions.

If you’ve wondered whether cybersecurity is a good career, the above insights have hopefully helped you feel more confident about pursuing this specialty. Should cybersecurity further pique your interest, explore the comprehensive bachelor’s degree program offered by Excelsior University. Learn more about how our cybersecurity program can equip you with the knowledge and skills needed to excel in this dynamic and ever-evolving field.

The Importance of Nuclear Safety

Posted on by Jenna Kerwin

Nuclear technology refers to using nuclear reactions to generate energy. Nuclear safety is essential in nuclear technology because it protects people, the environment, and property from the potential hazards that can arise from the use of nuclear energy and materials.

How Do We Define Nuclear Safety in Power Plants?

Nuclear safety in power plants involves establishing processes and systems to protect people, the environment, and property from nuclear crises. It includes developing safe reactor operations with strong designs, various safety barriers, shutdown systems, and strict operational procedures. Emergency preparedness, regular inspections, and following regulatory standards help ensure safe and sustainable plant operations.

Start a career in nuclear safety with a BS in Nuclear Engineering Technology from Excelsior.

What Are Some Areas of Nuclear Safety?

According to the Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI), U.S. power plants are among the safest and most secure in the world. Federal guidelines and industry safety procedures help make nuclear power a safe choice for our economy and communities. Let’s explore the different areas of nuclear safety.

Operational Safety

The Institute of Nuclear Power Operations (INPO) and the World Association of Nuclear Operators (WANO) ensure high safety standards through evaluations and best practices. Plant workers undergo thorough training and education, and workers build facilities with multiple protective barriers and safety systems. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) also enforces strict regulations, conducts inspections, and implements safety rules.

Security

Nuclear facilities maintain strict security protocols. The NRC enforces high security standards, and facilities feature steel-reinforced concrete containment structures designed to withstand natural disasters and even jet airliner impacts. Nearly 9,000 armed security officers, many with law enforcement or military backgrounds, safeguard these plants.

Cybersecurity

Advanced cybersecurity measures and constant threat monitoring protect nuclear power plants from cyberthreats. These plants operate hardware that prevents internet access and allows data to flow only outward. Strict controls are in place for portable media, and workers undergo rigorous security screenings and training. Regular inspections by the NRC ensure that cybersecurity protections remain effective against evolving cyberthreats.

Emergency Preparedness

Nuclear plants prepare for emergencies with federally approved emergency plans developed in coordination with state and local governments and first responders to protect communities and employees. These plans include professional training and evaluations by the NRC and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), which ensure readiness and continuous improvement. The Fukushima Daiichi accident, hurricanes, and the September 11 attacks have strengthened these kinds of plans and helped professionals develop new strategies to maintain safety.

How Do Power Plants Dispose of Radioactive Waste?

Nuclear waste is generated from power plant production. It requires safe disposal based on its risk level. Radioactive waste includes high-level waste, low-activity waste, and transuranic waste, each requiring specific treatments like vitrification or deep geologic disposal. High-level waste, such as used nuclear fuel, is highly radioactive and remains so for thousands of years. Low-level waste decays faster and is often disposed of in near-surface facilities. The Department of Energy (DOE) oversees nuclear waste management but faces many challenges.

Does the nuclear industry appeal to you? Start on your path to a career in nuclear safety with a Bachelor of Science in Nuclear Engineering Technology!

Systemic Leadership: Leading Effectively by Leveraging Our Collective Intelligence

Posted on by Daniel Pascoe Aguilar

Daniel Pascoe Aguilar, founding director of the Center for Social Justice and chief diversity officer, published the book “Systemic Leadership: Leading Effectively by Leveraging Our Collective Intelligence.” The work encourages leaders in higher education ecosystems to think and lead systemically, to further their critical charge to scaffold and facilitate the preparation of a diverse, authentic, engaged, and ready next generation of leaders, as well as to reassess the value and subsequently pursue the power of leveraging our collective intelligence for the enhancement of decision-making and performance as institutions and the field of higher education.

Learn more and purchase the book here.

Assessment in Higher Education and Student Affairs Graduate Education

Posted on by Joe Levy

Joe Levy, associate vice provost of accreditation and quality improvement, was a contributing author for a journal article in the December 2024 issue of the Journal of Student Affairs Inquiry, Improvement and Impact. The article, “Assessment in Higher Education and Student Affairs Graduate Education,” was a research project examining the presence, nature, and extent of coverage of assessment as a topic in higher education graduate preparation programs

Read the article here.

View the full journal issue here.

Contributions of Leading Student Affairs Assessment Associations and Organizations

Posted on by Joe Levy

Joe Levy, associate vice provost of accreditation and quality improvement,  was a contributing author to a journal article in the December 2024 issue of the Journal of Student Affairs Inquiry, Improvement and Impact. The article, “Contributions of Leading Student Affairs Assessment Associations and Organizations,” was a contribution to the history and current state of professional organizations supporting student affairs assessment.

Read the article here.

Read the full journal issue is here.

Epidemiology: The Key to Public Health

Posted on by Jenna Kerwin

When COVID-19 suddenly spread across the world, many people—including health officials—didn’t know what to do. Specialists in the field of epidemiology stepped in to study the fast-spreading pandemic. These scientists tracked COVID-19 by identifying its source through community and health facility surveys and tracked the disease using data from case reports, hospital records, and death certificates. Studies provided insights into the infection period, risk factors, vaccine safety, and long-term health effects. Based on this data, scientists developed and updated guidance to lessen the disease’s spread and impact on different populations and settings.

The heroic work of epidemiologists may seem like the stuff of science fiction, but their efforts result in very real benefits to society, including saving lives that would otherwise be lost to disease. If you like public health and detective work, read on to see whether a career in epidemiology could be right for you.

What Is Epidemiology?

Epidemiology is the study of diseases and injuries in populations, their origins, how they spread, and finding solutions for stopping them. Epidemiologists work in hospitals, laboratories, and offices for universities, colleges, and local, state, and federal government. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, as of 2023, the median annual wage for epidemiologists was $81,390, making it a lucrative public health profession.

If you want to play a role in disease prevention, earn your BS in Public Health from Excelsior.

How Does Epidemiology Help with Public Health?

Epidemiology helps provide data and insights necessary for learning about diseases and disease prevention. It helps with:

  • Identifying diseases. Epidemiologists identify risk factors and causes of diseases, allowing public health officials to develop targeted solutions.
  • Tracking outbreaks. Public health officials can identify sources of outbreaks, how the disease spreads, and populations at risk so they can enact effective measures.
  • Guiding public health policy. Public health officials can develop important disease prevention guidelines, policies, and health programs for communities.
  • Improving health equity. Epidemiology helps fight health disparities in communities by allowing scientists to study disease patterns across different demographic groups and developing specific interventions for underserved populations.
  • Promoting preparedness and prevention. Public health officials can prepare for potential crises like pandemics and natural disasters and can support disease prevention strategies like vaccination programs and health screenings. This can help reduce health care costs.

How Can I Get Started?

Becoming an epidemiologist requires education, work experience, and a passion for research and public service. You need to start with a bachelor’s degree in a field like public health, biology, or health sciences to provide foundational knowledge. Entry-level positions typically require a master’s degree with a focus on epidemiology, which also offers training in health, environmental health, and research methods. Practical work experience gained through fieldwork in public health or research labs is essential for developing the skills needed for a successful career in the field.

If you’re ready to start on your career path toward epidemiology, consider earning your Bachelor of Science in Public Health.

Fostering Civic Engagement in Public Administration

Posted on by Excelsior Staff

Civic engagement is fundamental to effective decision-making and policymaking for public administrators. It means reaching out to the public about issues of concern, from groups and organizations on down to individuals. In a democracy, communication, collaboration, and transparency between government and citizens is what leads to a prosperous and vibrant society.

What Is Civic Engagement?

Civic engagement is a concept that incorporates the activities that involve governmental entities, people, and organizations in addressing common and communal concerns for the betterment of communities and society at large.

It may involve civic participation with politics and government. These forms of civic participation include activities like voting, participating in hearings, attending focus groups and town halls, signing petitions and joining protests, serving on advisory committees, lobbying, and even running for office.

Yet civic engagement isn’t purely political. It can also include working with community charities and clubs, helping out at community gardens, participating in trash clean-up drives, or advocating for a grassroots movement and raising awareness about specific issues.

Drive civic engagement with a Master of Public Administration from Excelsior University.

What Are Some Types of Civic Engagement?

Civic engagement can take many forms. Some of the more common ways the public interacts with government include:

Public Feedback

Giving voice to community and individual concerns by attending town halls, fielding and filling out surveys, and attending focus groups gives public administrators a fuller understanding of the issues and needs of various constituencies.

Participator Budgeting

Citizens can directly and specifically provide opinions about spending priorities and community investment needs.

Advisory Committees

Bringing together different voices and perspectives to collaborate in framing issues and solving problems is tremendously helpful to decision-makers.

Digital Engagement

Online platforms and social media are a way to reach more people faster and engender vital public dialogue.

Community Partnerships

Public-private partnerships, along with informal and ad hoc collaborations, are ways for government, private organizations, and individuals to work together in creating, implementing, and managing programs that benefit the public

Grassroots Movements

When people and organizations band together at a local level of public engagement, they can kick off bottom-up change that is often more effective than top-down efforts.

Volunteering

Contributing your time, energy, and skills to groups and public initiatives is a way to make direct and substantive change for the better for communities and individuals.

How Is Public Engagement Beneficial?

Effective public engagement leads to better government and better communities. Some of the benefits include:

  • Transparency. Community members and leaders both have open access to information for a more complete understanding of the issues and resolutions.
  • Inclusivity. Involving diverse voices in public engagement ensures that decision-makers include more perspectives in decision-making.
  • Accountability. Governments must be responsive to the people they are meant to serve.
  • Collaboration. Problems that are solved with people and groups working together lead to more enduring and effective solutions.
  • Trustworthiness. When people participate and get to know decision-makers and those implementing decisions, they have higher confidence in the solutions.
  • Better outcomes. Equitable, effective results are made possible with vibrant civic engagement.

Who Shapes Policy Around Civic Engagement?

Various stakeholders can influence civic engagement that encourages active participation in the community, from governmental organizations to a grassroots movement.

Outside of government, nonprofits, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and advocacy groups play roles. Education institutions contribute research, provide education, and host civic initiatives. Businesses, media, and associations may get involved through lobbying, charitable giving, and funding advocacy initiatives. Individual citizens and activists also participate.

Earning your Master of Public Administration prepares you for leadership roles inside or outside government. You’ll find openings and opportunities in business, with a variety of organizations, and within local, state, national, and even international governmental bodies.

For a career that is highly rewarding, with impacts you can see, working in public administration and promoting civic engagement can be an exciting choice.

Excelsior’s Constellation Strategy for Developing Partnerships with Other Institutions

Posted on by David Schejbal

In an interview with Presidents Forum, Excelsior University president David Schejbal discussed Excelsior University’s commitment to student-centered innovation through its Constellation model of higher education partnerships. President Schejbal speaks on how The Constellation℠ enables students to move between institutions, combining online learning with immersive, in-person experiences.

Watch the interview here.

Tips for Studying for Finals in College

Posted on by Excelsior Staff

Effective study habits are crucial to success during finals. However, preparing for final exams in college can feel like a daunting task as you review all the key topics you’ve learned throughout a given term. By leveraging the right strategies and developing a structured approach to studying, students can be better equipped to tackle their studies, improve retention and comprehension of course material, and manage stress.

Explore various methods to enhance study efficiency—including time management techniques, the benefits of group study sessions, and ways to stay motivated and focused during this critical period.

How Early Should You Start Preparing for Final Exams?

The timing of your preparation can significantly impact your performance on final exams. Ideally, students should begin reviewing material at least two to three weeks before exams start. This allows ample time to revisit core concepts, complete practice problems, and identify areas that need further clarification. Starting early helps avoid last-minute cramming, reduces anxiety, and ensures a more comprehensive understanding of the subject matter.

Learn how Excelsior’s online degree and certificate programs can bring you closer to your goals.

Tips for How to Study for Finals

Knowing how to study for finals requires a strategic approach to make the most of your study time and ensure thorough coverage of the material. The following tips can guide you through creating an effective study plan, organizing your resources, and maintaining a healthy balance during this mentally intense time. Dive into how to prepare for finals (as well as common mistakes to avoid altogether).

Create a Study Schedule

Creating a detailed study schedule is essential for effective preparation. Start by listing all your exams and their dates. Prioritize subjects based on difficulty and importance; then allocate specific times for studying each subject. To avoid burnout, break your schedule into manageable blocks with breaks in between​.

Organize Study Materials

Gather all necessary materials like lecture notes, textbooks, past exams, and any other relevant resources. Organize them by subject and topic and use tools like folders or digital apps to keep everything easily accessible. This helps streamline your study sessions and ensures that you don’t waste time searching for materials​.

Break Down Study Sessions

Divide your study time into shorter, focused sessions. The Pomodoro technique, which involves 25 minutes of study followed by a five-minute break, can be particularly effective. This approach keeps your mind fresh and improves retention by preventing fatigue​.

Prioritize Difficult Subjects

Focus on the subjects you find most challenging first. This ensures that you have ample time to address any gaps in understanding and reduces the risk of cramming difficult material at the last minute. Allocate more study sessions to these subjects and seek help from a tutor if needed​.

Use Active Learning Techniques

Active learning techniques such as summarizing information in your own words, teaching the material to someone else, or creating mind maps can enhance your understanding and memory. These methods encourage deeper engagement with the content compared to passive reading​.

Form Study Groups

Studying in groups helps provide different perspectives and clarify difficult concepts. Group members can tutor and quiz each other with practice questions, share resources, and provide mutual support. Just ensure that the group stays focused on studying and doesn’t turn it into a full-blown social gathering​.

Take Practice Exams

Completing practice questions and exams under timed conditions helps you quiz yourself while becoming more familiar with the format and types of questions you’ll face. It also highlights areas where you need more practice and helps build confidence for the actual exam​.

Stay Healthy

Maintaining a healthy lifestyle is critical during exam preparation. Eat nutritious foods, stay hydrated, exercise regularly, and make sure you get enough sleep. Avoiding junk food and all-nighters—though possibly tempting—will keep your mind and body in peak condition for studying.

Avoid Multitasking and Distractions

Focus on one task at a time to improve efficiency and retention. Multitasking can split your attention and reduce the quality of your study sessions due to distractions. Turn off notifications and create a distraction-free environment to maintain focus​.

Seek Help When Needed

If you’re struggling with certain topics, don’t hesitate to seek help. Reach out to professors, teaching assistants, or tutors. In addition, many schools offer academic support centers where you can get additional help​.

Stay Positive and Motivated

Maintain a positive mindset and remind yourself of your goals. Celebrate small achievements and take breaks to relax and recharge. Visualization techniques and positive affirmations can also boost your confidence and motivation​.

Keeping these tips in mind while studying for finals, you can create a study plan that maximizes your productivity and helps you perform your best on final exams at the end of each academic term.

Common Mistakes to Avoid While Preparing for Finals

When it comes to how to prepare for final exams, it’s crucial to recognize and avoid pitfalls that can hinder your progress. These mistakes can lead to ineffective study sessions and increased stress. Preventing these common mistakes will help you develop more effective study habits, reduce stress, and improve your performance on final exams:

  1. Delaying your study sessions until the last minute can lead to cramming, which is not conducive to long-term retention and understanding. Start studying early to avoid this mistake.
  2. Lack of a study plan. Failing to create a detailed study schedule can result in disorganized study sessions and missed topics. A structured plan helps keep you on track and ensures comprehensive coverage of all subjects.
  3. Ignoring health. Neglecting sleep, nutrition, and exercise can diminish your cognitive function and overall well-being. Prioritize a balanced lifestyle to maintain peak performance during your studies​.
  4. Attempting to study with background distractions like social media, TV, or other activities harms the quality of your study sessions. Focus on one task at a time to maximize efficiency and retention​.
  5. Overlooking practice exams. Not incorporating practice tests into your study routine can leave you unprepared for the format and timing of the actual exams. Practice questions help identify weak areas and build confidence.

By being aware of these errors, you can adjust your strategies to foster a more productive, less stressful exam preparation period.

Achieve the Education of Your Dreams at Excelsior University

Preparing for finals doesn’t have to be overwhelming. By knowing how to study for finals most effectively, you can set yourself up for success. Avoid common mistakes like procrastination and multitasking and instead prioritize effective study techniques like active learning and practice exams.

If you’re seeking more resources to help you succeed, consider exploring the programs that Excelsior University offers. Whether you’re interested in furthering your education or enhancing your career skills, Excelsior provides a robust range of degree and certificate programs designed to support your academic and professional growth. Request more information today to take the next step in your education journey!

Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) in Cybersecurity

Posted on by Excelsior Staff

Advanced persistent threats, or APTs, are highly damaging cyberattacks. If you want a career in cybersecurity, you must understand APTs, including how to deter, detect, and recover from them. The following is an overview of this class of attacks and the typical threat actor profiles.

What Are APTs?

Advanced persistent threats are sophisticated cyberattacks that involve long-term campaigns designed to work undetected, wreaking maximum damage long before the target is even aware of the exploit. Here’s a closer look at their characteristics:

  • Advanced. These attacks use cutting-edge techniques with a high level of knowledge and skill, rapidly evolving to get around defenses and evade detection. They use attack vectors such as zero-day exploits, customized malware, and all manner of phishing intrusions.
  • Persistent. The attacks are designed with a duration that can stretch from weeks to years before discovery. Even then, they have ways of preventing their full removal so they can continue the attack.
  • Threat. Threat actors are typically highly skilled, well organized, and well funded. Nation states and organized crime syndicates have the means and the motivation that lone-wolf single cybercriminals lack. Their targets are high value in government, finance, health care, and vital infrastructure.

APT Attack Stages

Fighting APT attacks is a high-value area in the field of cybersecurity. You will want to know the coordinated steps of an APT attack:

Information Gathering

Attackers perform extensive reconnaissance of their target, understanding their systems, processes, employees, and vulnerabilities.

Incursion

The attacker accesses systems and data using attack vectors—often in combination—taking advantage of weaknesses in network security, exploiting outdated software, breaching third parties, and tricking employees and authorized personnel.

Zero-Day Exploits

When an attacker knows of a vulnerability in software or hardware that the vendor or security community is unaware of, they attack without fear of detection. Organizations have zero days to mitigate the vulnerability.

Custom Malware

Based on the attacker’s effective reconnaissance, they design software tailored to the vulnerabilities and processes of their target—along with the type of attack and objectives of the attack. Custom malware is hard to detect and highly efficient.

Social Engineering

This attack technique relies on understanding human nature, employee habits, and organizational processes. Fake emails, phone calls, and texts posing as IT support, using bogus websites, and even physically observing an employee have all been successfully used.

Spear Phishing

This type of phishing attack is a social engineering exploit that uses customized, even personalized techniques to target a specific individual or group of individuals. These well-researched attacks are so convincing that even a trained and aware person can fall victim.

Establishing a Foothold

Maintaining access without being detected is the key. Backdoors and malware are typically used for this purpose.

Privilege Escalation and Lateral Movement

Once in, attackers learn more about vulnerabilities and processes to access higher-level, more critical systems.

Execution

The aims of attacks vary. An attacker can simply watch and spy, gather and export massive amounts of data, or conduct sabotage operations to disable an organization or function.

Maintenance

Persistence is the key. The attackers use techniques that let them continue undetected, and once detected, easily reestablish the attack by thwarting efforts to remove their access.

Join the fight against threat actors by earning a degree in cybersecurity from Excelsior University.

What Are Threat Actors?

The types of threat actors carrying out advanced persistent threats are nearly endless, with varying motivations and capabilities, and are always evolving. The most common ones include:

Cybercriminals

These attackers seek financial gain. They use an APT to steal data to sell for profit. They can access systems to commit fraud like capturing credit card information and racking up purchases. They may hold organizations hostage for ransom, like the ransomware gangs Conti and LockBit.

Hacktivist

These attackers are motivated by political, social, and ideological notions and passions. They see cyberattacks as a way to protest or fight against perceived wrongs and injustices. They go after governments, institutions, and organizations they feel deserve it, defacing or taking down websites, using distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, and stealing and leaking embarrassing data.

Insider Threats

Sometimes by deliberate and planned sabotage and other times unintentionally, employees and authorized individuals can cause enormous harm to an organization through an APT. The threat could be from a deliberate, preplanned plant of a criminal into a sensitive organization, a disgruntled employee, or someone lacking the training and awareness to avoid falling victim to a cyberattack.

Cyberterrorists

Many of the most devastating advanced persistent threats come from governments, governmentally funded groups, or quasi-governmental organizations. They target infrastructure, spread propaganda, and attack public safety.

Who Defends Against APTs?

Penetration testers, cybersecurity professionals who employ ethical hacking practices to expose vulnerabilities before threat actors can, are on the front lines in the fight against APT attacks. However, everyone can help defend against APTs by learning some best practices, like how to create stronger passwords or spot phishing and other attempts at social engineering, which underscores how important the role of education is in the field of cybersecurity.

If you want to start a rewarding career in this high-demand field, consider earning your bachelor’s degree in cybersecurity. You’ll learn how to stay a step ahead of threat actors, using advanced technologies like artificial intelligence.

In addition to a bachelor’s degree in cybersecurity, you can further your career with certifications. Certificate programs like Ethical Hacker and IT Security Specialist offered through Excelsior’s partnership with MedCerts can prepare you for valuable certifications while earning you credit toward your Excelsior degree.

Cybersecurity is constantly changing, providing you with a career path that never gets stale or boring. Indeed, you will have the satisfaction of knowing that your efforts are protecting individuals and organizations—and potentially strengthening national security.

Computer Programming vs. Computer Science

Posted on by Jenna Kerwin

Computer programming and computer science, though overlapping in areas, differ in key ways. Understanding this distinction is crucial when considering a career in technology. It allows you to make informed decisions and choose the right career path.

What Is Computer Science?

Computer science includes the study of data, algorithms, and the principles of designing software and hardware systems. It encompasses various topics, from computational theory and artificial intelligence to practical applications like software development, cybersecurity, and data analytics. Computer scientists can be found in nearly every industry: In health care, they develop systems for managing patient data and personalized medicine; in finance, they create algorithms for trading and fraud detection; in entertainment, they enhance video game graphics and streaming services; in the automotive sector, they help optimize supply chains.

How Is Programming Different Than Computer Science?

The biggest difference between computer science and computer programming is that computer science involves testing and developing theories and concepts that create software, hardware, and operating systems. On the other hand, computer programming involves designing and building the actual computer programs and codes that help computer technology run.

A computer scientist’s main responsibilities include researching data and computer processes, developing models that allow the computer to interact with users, testing new computer systems, developing algorithms to help improve hardware and software performance, and sometimes writing code for programming software or websites.

On the other hand, a computer programmer reviews and fixes broken computer code; writes and tests codes for mobile applications, computer programs, and different systems; updates and fixes errors in software programs; and sometimes even identifies cyberthreats and helps combat cyberattacks.

What Is the Difference Between Coding and Programming?

At first glance, it might seem like coding and programming are the same. These are two distinct processes, though. Let’s explore these terms more deeply.

Coding. This refers to writing in a language the computer understands to perform a specific task. Coders need to be knowledgeable in programming languages and coding practices and be able to use tools like Sublime Text, Atom, Visual Studio Code, jQuery, React, Python, JavaScript, and more. The overall goal of coding is to write correct code that can be used in larger projects that the computer can read and understand.

Programming. Programming involves writing code, and it also involves planning, designing, testing, and maintaining computer software. Programmers should know how to develop software, including coding and creating algorithms, data structures, and software design. Programmers should know tools such as Angular, Ruby on Rails, Git, Jira, etc. Programming aims to create correctly functioning software that meets user requirements and needs.

You might wonder whether coding or programming is the better skill to learn and what career track to pursue. Well, it depends on your personal skill set and interests. You might consider pursuing coding if you want to be part of creating software. Alternatively, coding is only a small part of programming; you may consider becoming a programmer if you prefer taking on a more complex role.

Whether you want to be a coder, programmer, or computer scientist, you need the education to reach your career goals. A bachelor’s degree in computer science can provide you with the foundational skills in computer science, software development, and systems management to be prepared to meet the technical challenges in today’s ever-evolving workplaces.

Career Spotlight: Medical-Surgical Nurse

Posted on by Excelsior Staff

Medical-surgical nurses are at the center of health care, playing a central role in hospitals, ambulatory surgical sites, clinics, and long-term care facilities in this exciting career specialty. Med-surg nurses also develop essential skills and experience as they grow in the field, opening opportunities in a wide range of nursing focus areas.

What Does a Medical-Surgical Nurse Do?

Medical-surgical nurse duties vary as you manage complex patient requirements. Typical roles cover several areas:

  • Patient care responsibilities include assessing and monitoring patient medical conditions, administering medications and therapies, and communicating with patients and their families about preoperative care, what to expect during surgery, and care during recovery.
  • Coordinating and collaborating, you will help interdisciplinary teams work together effectively and will help patients connect with their health care team.
  • Providing preoperative and postoperative care goes beyond preparing patients for surgery and helping prepare the operating theater, encompassing the monitoring of complications and setting patients up for successful recovery.
  • Managing the technical aspects of care, such as using medical equipment, wound care devices, and monitors, while handling IV insertions and catheters, are very much part of the job.
  • Recording and reporting patient vitals, status, and trends helps the rest of the team stay current on how well patients are responding.
  • You will also work as a problem-solver and must manage your time and that of other team members while maintaining your emotional resilience in potentially high-stress environments.
Start your career as a med-surg nurse with a nursing degree from Excelsior University.

How Much Can a Medical-Surgical Nurse Make?

The median annual advertised salary for med-surg nurses is $105,344, with the top 10% commanding $146,304, according to Lightcast. What you can actually earn depends on where you live, your level of education, and your experience. Nurses in California earn the highest average salaries at $137,690, with South Dakota nurses averaging the least at $69.303. Nurses in New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut earn an average salary of $106,620, $101,960, and $101,840, respectively.

Naturally, nurses with experience can expect to earn more than those just starting out. And the continuing nursing shortage suggests that job availability and upward pressure on salaries will continue.

How Can You Start Your Career as a Medical-Surgical Nurse?

Your career starts with earning your nursing degree. You can start with an associate degree in nursing and go on to earn a Bachelor of Science in Nursing. Your education pairs classroom learning with practical experience in clinical settings. In addition to a degree, you can further your career with certifications. One way to do this is through certificate programs like Surgical Technologist or Medical Assistant offered through Excelsior’s partnership with MedCerts, giving you important early experience and training while earning you credit toward your Excelsior degree.

You will also need to be a registered nurse (RN) to become a medical-surgical nurse. You’ll need to pass your NCLEX-RN exam to get licensed as an RN. Your career in this specialty may also benefit from additional certifications like the Certified Medical-Surgical Registered Nurse (CMSRN) credential and the Medical Surgical Nurse — Board Certified (MEDSURG-BC) credential. And as with any field, advancing in your career requires gaining experience and staying up to date on innovations in the field through continuing-education programs.

Find out how Excelsior University’s online nursing degree programs can put you on the path to a rewarding career as a med-surg nurse at the very heart of health care.